Sir Harold Ridley and His Fight For Sight: He Changed the World So That We May Better See It

David J. Apple MD

 
 
 

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$45.95

ISBN 10 1-55642-786-7

ISBN 13 978-1-55642-786-2

352 pp Hard Cover

Pub. Date: 2006

Order# 67867

 

 

 

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Product Description

Did you know that the most common surgical eye procedure today was influenced by a tragic injury to a WWII pilot?

Did you know that one of the first medical devices to ever be implanted into a human was performed by an ophthalmologist?

Do you know the riveting story behind the man who envisioned and achieved ground-breaking medical advancements for vision care?


An innovator in eye surgery and undisputed inventor of the intraocular lens (IOL), Sir Harold Ridley achieved some of the most important discoveries in ophthalmology and medicine over the last 100 years.

The compelling story of Sir Harold Ridley is one not widely known among today’s medical community. It is a story of an unassuming medical leader. It is a story that needs to be told, not only for its historical value, but also to provide guidance for future generations on bringing new inventions to the world.

In the early 1980’s, Dr. David J. Apple, one of the most prominent American ophthalmologists and eye researchers conducted studies that by the mid-1980’s had verified that Ridley’s innovation—the implantation of the IOL—was potentially safe and effective. Upon hearing of these studies, Ridley requested to meet Dr. Apple at Ridley’s home in England, where a life-long personal and professional relationship was born.

Inside Sir Harold Ridley and His Fight for Sight: He Changed the World So That We May Better See It, Dr. David J. Apple chronicles the amazing career and life of Sir Harold Ridley based on their friendship and on never before published documents, photographs, and memorabilia. Ridley’s tremendous impact on ophthalmology and specifically on the treatment of cataract patients, is a story that until now has not been told.

Sir Harold Ridley and His Fight for Sight is based on 26 years of research performed by Dr. Apple. Interviews with friends, families, colleagues, as well as the review of medical and hospital records, military records, and museum exhibits have brought the story of Sir Harold Ridley to forefront of the medical community today.

Dr. Apple brings life and credibility to the pages of Sir Harold Ridley and His Fight for Sight with over 600 images, testimonials from Sir Harold Ridley on his quest that began in 1935, and a personal touch that only a true colleague and friend can convey.

From Harold Ridley, 1989:

"I had twenty-five years in the wilderness and would have been spared much suffering if David Apple, the one who at last took the trouble to read and analyze all the early implant papers, had appeared in the 1950’s, for a whole generation of cataract patients might then have enjoyed full visual rehabilitation instead of suffering the abnormalities of aphakia."

In 1940 during World War II, in the legendary Battle of Britain, a British pilot was tragically blinded when shattered fragments of his cockpit canopy were embedded in his eyes. This tragic event led to the identification of an implant material and eventuated in Ridley’s accomplishing a complete cure for cataracts. Ridley focused the next decade of his life on the development of an artificial lens to be implanted following the removal of a cataract. This device has restored vision to nearly 200 million people worldwide, and presently 9 million annually.

After performing the first IOL implant on a cataract patient, Sir Harold Ridley was met with opposition from the medical community. It took three decades of struggle until his goal became reality. Now the cataract surgery, and its cousin, refractive surgery, including the procedure LASIK, are the most common surgical procedures performed today.

Paving the way for past, current and future ophthalmologists, Sir Harold Ridley not only implanted the first medical device into a patient—he pioneered multiple once in a lifetime discoveries including innovations on river blindness, techniques for optic nerve and retina diagnosis, introduction of television and other electronic techniques to ophthalmology, as well as establishing a branch of biomedical engineering focusing on the science of artificial implants.

Sir Harold Ridley and His Fight for Sight is the story of a brilliant man and his lifelong struggle to gain acceptance for his invention from his peers. He finally achieved this late in life and the intraocular lens is now recognized as one of the most important medical advances of the 20th century.

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Contents

Dedicationvii
Acknowledgmentsxiii
About the Authorxv
Foreword by Jim Mazzoxvi
Foreword by I. Howard Fine, MDxvii
Foreword by Emanuel Rosen, Bsc, MD, FRCSE, FRCOphth, FRPSxviii
Foreword by Christopher Morganxx
Prefacexxi

Chronology of Sir Harold Ridley

xxix

Chapter 1: The Secret Code: The
"Extra-Capsular Ext."

2
London. November 29, 19492
A Gift to the World 6
Why Did It Take So Long? 10

Chapter 2: From Darkness to Light

14
Eye Surgery in the Dark Ages; Perforation of the Eye With a Needle 16
The “Black Hole” 17
From Darkness to Light 19
Cataract—The Most Common Cause of Visual Loss 21
Cataracts May Cause Morbidity in Addition to Simple Vision Loss 24
Colors and the Cataracts of Claude Monet 25

Chapter 3: Roots of a Modest Giant of Science

30
The Ridleys: 1555 32
The Parkers: “Do It and It’s Done.” 34
The World Harold Was Born Into 35
The Early Years 39
School Days and Medical Training 43

Chapter 4: “David, Mr. Ridley Wants to Meet You”

52
July 1980 to May 1989: Arrival to a New Job 52
Summer, 1985: A Summons to Visit Mr. Ridley 58
From the Old Country to America’s Heartland, My Ancestors, Origins, Childhood, and Medical Training (1941-1985) 61
History and Heroes 63
Entering the Field of Medicine—The Eyes Have It 65
Charleston and the Apple Korps 67
Triumphs and Tragedies: 1989-Present 72
Summary 73

Chapter 5: River Walks

78
The Quest for a Complete Cataract Operation 79
Clinical Diagnosis of Cataract 80
Three Surgical Methods to Remove a Cataract 91

Chapter 6: Adlertag: The Quest for a Complete Cataract Operation, Step 2: Visual Rehabilitation with the IOL

98
Casanova, Quacks, Progressives, and Prophets 102
The “Airplane Story” Unfolds: “A Story Too Good to Be True” 104
The Setting: Royal Air Force Tangmere and Surrounding Hospitals 106
The Players 109
“Mouse” Cleaver and the Pilots of the 601 Squadron 111
Fury Across Europe 116
Adlertag: “You Will Wipe the British Air Force From the Sky” 118
Coming Full Circle: One Piece of Plastic Is Replaced with Another 120
What Was Flight Lieutenant Cleaver’s Precise Role in the Development of the IOL? 122
The Invention of the IOL: The Actual Sequence of Events, ca 1935 to 1951 123
Epilogue: It’s Plastic! 125

Chapter 7: A Simple Question, Mobilization

128
The Pilot 130
The Student 130
The Optician and the Chemist: The Cure of Cataract 133
The Surgeon 138

Chapter 8: The Operation: November 29, 1949

140
The “Brave Londoners” 142
A Lingering Question 147

Chapter 9: Rapid Descent Into a Period of Doldrums

150
A Mistake Leads to an Early Unveiling 151
A Prophet in His Own Country 152
Harold’s First Rebuff 154
Sir Stewart Duke-Elder 155
D.E. 160
A Fast Downhill Slope 161
“Put Out to Pasture” 162
Chicago 163
A Rejection From a Colleague in Ocular Pathology 164
A Different Outcome? 165

Chapter 10: A Gradual Ascent to a New Revolution in Surgical Eye Care

166
“Who Would Support Me Before Peter Choyce?” 168
Other Supporters and Pioneers 171
The Philadelphia Story 172
Munich, 1966 173
Paris, 1974 174
“America’s Doctor” Prescribes the IOL to the FDA 175
Unstoppable Forward Movement 177

Chapter 11: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Evolution of IOLs, Ups and Downs

180
IOL Design: Haptics and Loops: Solving the Problem of Decentration 184
Material Problems 187
Secondary Cataracts (Posterior Capsular Opacification) 188
Infections (Endophthalmitis) 190
Evolutionary Excellence 191

Chapter 12: Let’s Get Rid of Our Glasses

192
Corneal Refractive Surgery 196
Intraocular Lens Refractive Surgery 198
Svyatoslav Fyodorov 200
Phakic Intraocular Lenses 200
Bifocal and Multifocal Intraocular Lenses 201
The Start of Something Big 202

Chapter 13: Innovations in Addition to the Intraocular Lens

204
Tropical Ophthalmology: Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) and Cataract-IOL Surgery in the Developing World 205
Shipped Out 209
Attacking River Blindness 209
Applying Laboratory Technology to Cataract-IOL Surgery in the Developing World 212
Bringing Light to the Underprivileged World: Introducing the Modern Cataract-IOL Operation 215
Ridley Establishes a Foundation 217

Chapter 14: Released Prisoners of War in Thailand and Burma

220
Nutritional Amblyopia: Involvement of the Optic Nerve and Macula 221

Chapter 15: Technical Applications from World War II

228
Televising Eye Operations 230
Noninvasive Diagnosis of the Retina and Optic Nerve 231

Chapter 16: Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Organ Transplantation

239

Chapter 17: Honors, Many Received “Long After I Should Have Been Gone”

244
A Book Signed by Grateful Surgeons 246
Election to the Royal Society 246
An Honorary Doctor’s Degree 248
Celebrating the Intraocular Lens’ 50th Anniversary at the Royal Albert Science Museum 249
Election to Ophthalmology Hall of Fame 251
A Long and Illustrious List 251

Chapter 18: Knighthood and the End

252
“What Was a Miracle Yesterday Remains a Miracle Today and Forever” 253
Success at Last 255
Confronting Old Age 256
The End of a Long and Fruitful Journey 258
The Farewell 258
Words of Respect 259
A Fitting Place for a Memorial Service 260

Chapter 19: A Service of Thanksgiving and Redemption on Battle of Britain Sunday, September 18, 2005

262

Appendices
Glossary 271
Map of England 281
Map of London 283
Landmark Articles 285
The Ridley Foundation 289
Publications: Sir Harold Ridley, MD, Cantab, FRCS, Eng. FRS 291
Sir Harold Ridley: Memberships, Presentations, and Honors 297
David J. Apple, IOL-Related Articles, Early Phase (1984-1986). 299
Articles, Editorials, and Obituaries written by David J. Apple about Sir Harold Ridley 303
List 1: Visual Acuity Measurements 305
List 2: World Health Organization Classification of Visual Impairment (Simplified) 307
Photo Credit List 309
Index 311

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Reviews

"There is a place for Ridley’s Story on the history shelf of any library and in the collection of ophthalmologists everywhere."

— Suzanne M. Schultz, MA, Doody’s Book Review

"…the book pays rightful homage to the man who changed cataract surgery forever. But the book is much more than a biography. Throughout his book, Apple devotes many words to the history and future of ophthalmology, a history that shaped Ridley's vision and a future that he helped to create."

— From Eurotimes, London, 2006, Paul McGinn

"This revolutionary advance in medicine is the result of the determination of the late Sir Harold Ridley. His resolution has already saved the sight of over 200 million people worldwide, a figure that increases annually by nine million."

— From The Times Newspapers Limited, 22 September 2006, Dr. Thomas Stufford

"Now, 57 years after his significant medical breakthrough, his achievements have been commemorated by noted ophthalmologist, Dr. David J. Apple."

— From History Today, September 20, 2006, Charlie Cottrell

"Dr. Apple shares with us 22 years of in-depth research and 7 years of writing and editing. This has resulted in a book that can only be considered a masterpiece. In 19 tightly written chapters, with extraordinary historical illustrations we are told the fascinating story of Sir Harold Ridley's development of the first IOL implant. I found this book a very entertaining and compelling read. There is no doubt that this is a must-read for the ophthalmologist who performs cataract surgery and lens implantation. David J. Apple, MD has compiled history in a way that will educate and entertain readers for many generations to come."

— Richard L. Lindstrom, MD, OSN Chief Medical Editor, Minneapolis, MN, Ocular Surgery News, November 1, 2006

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